The Khorramshahr is an Iranian liquid-fueled, medium-range ballistic missile. It is likely derived from the North Korean Musudan (BM-25) missile. Iran first test fired the missile in January 2017, and first publicly displayed it at a September 2017 military parade in Tehran. It has a reported range of 2,000 km. In 2019, Iran displayed a version of Khorramshahr with a smaller reentry vehicle that could reach a range of 3,000 km.

Khorramshahr Development

Iran’s Khorramshahr missile is likely derived from North Korea’s Musudan (BM-25), which itself has origins in the Soviet R-27/RSM-25 (NATO designation: SS-N-6 ‘Serb’) submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM). The R-27 entered operational service in the USSR in 1968.¹ Reports indicate that North Korea was developing a ground-based R-27, now called “Musudan,” as early as 2003. Iran likely purchased 18 of these missiles and related equipment from North Korea around 2005.² Iran first tested the Musudan on May 17, 2007, and again in April and July 2016.³ Iran subsequently modified the missile and renamed it ‘Khorramshahr.’

Iran first displayed the Khorramshahr on September 22, 2017 during the country’s 37th anniversary of the Iran-Iraq War.⁴ The missile is named after the capital city of Khorramshahr County, Khuzestan Province, which Iraq had occupied between October 1980 and May 1982.

Since the Khorramshahr is based on the intermediate-range Musudan, which has an estimated range of 2,500 to 4,000 km, analysts have questioned why Iranian officials mark the missile’s maximum range at 2,000 km. One hypothesis focuses on potential Iranian modifications. IRGC Commander of the Aerospace Division, Brigadier General Amir Ali Hajizadeh stated that the Iranian variant “has become smaller in size and more tactical,” which may explain the missile’s decreased range.⁵ A second theory asserts that Iranian officials do not want to raise concern in Europe about their missile program, and thus are purposely underestimating the range. “I am not sure why the Iranians are lying about the range,” one U.S. official told Fox News. “I think they don’t want to piss the Europeans off.”⁶

Despite its clear connection to the North Korean Musudan, Iranian officials nonetheless claim that the Khorramshahr was indigenously developed. During the September 2017 unveiling of Khorramshahr, Brigadier General Hajizadeh asserted, “Today, our country’s missile power is completely domestic from concept to product. There are no sections in these areas that are not indigenous.”⁷

The Khorramshahr was first reportedly test fired on January 29, 2017, flying about 950 km before exploding.⁸ It was fired from a test site near Semnan, 225 km east of Tehran. Commenting anonymously, a U.S. military official said the missile had been previously launched in July 2016, but this was reported as an Iranian Musudan test.⁹ Iranian state-run television showed video footage of a Khorramshahr test on September 23, 2017, but U.S. officials told CNN and Fox News there was ‘no indication’ a ballistic missile had been fired at that time. Additionally, the footage of the test dated back to the failed January 2017 launch.¹⁰

In February 2019, Iran showed footage of a possible Khorramshahr test during its Eghtedar 40 exhibition. The missile displayed in the footage and on a poster at the exhibition had a smaller warhead section and a finned reentry vehicle similar to the Emad.¹¹ In March 2019, France, Germany, and the United Kingdom submitted a joint letter alleging that Iran had displayed a new version of the Khorramshahr missile with a smaller reentry vehicle. Photos of the new configuration emerged from a September 2019 parade.¹² According to the joint letter, the smaller and lighter reentry vehicle could increase the missile’s range from 2,000 km to 3,000 km. In August 2020, Iranian state media released another video potentially showing a test of this new Khorramshahr-2 variant and claimed it was able to hit a 40×40 m target.¹³

Specifications

The Khorramshahr has a reported length of 13 m, a body diameter of 1.5-2.0 m, and launch weight of approximately 19,000-26,000 kg.¹⁴ According to Iranian officials, the missile has a range of 2,000 km and is capable of carrying multiple warheads of up to 1,800 kg.¹⁵ However, the range may be higher (around 2,500 km), and the “multiple warheads” claim is most likely a reference to a submunitions warhead, rather than multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle (MIRV) technology. The Khorramshahr is liquid-fueled and likely two-staged. Iranian media reports claim the missile has radar-evading capabilities and terminal guidance.¹⁶ If the guidance relies on an older inertial navigation system, however, the Khorramshahr’s accuracy could be quite poor, approximately 1,500 m circular error probable.¹⁷

Service History

The Khorramshahr, like all of Iran’s strategic, longer ranged missiles, is operated and maintained by the IRGC’s Aerospace Force. Iran’s state-run Press TV reported that the missile would soon be operational, but did not provide any specific projections.¹⁸